Alkali-Activated Foams Coated with Colloidal Ag for Point-of-Use Water Disinfection
Bhuyan, Mohammad Amzad Hossain; Karkman, Antti; Prokkola, Hanna; Chen, Boyu; Perumal, Priyadharshini; Luukkonen, Tero (2024-01-20)
Bhuyan, Mohammad Amzad Hossain
Karkman, Antti
Prokkola, Hanna
Chen, Boyu
Perumal, Priyadharshini
Luukkonen, Tero
American chemical society
20.01.2024
ACS EST Water 2024, 4, 2, 687–697
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. This article is licensed under CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. This article is licensed under CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202402061608
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-202402061608
Tiivistelmä
Abstract
Alkali-activated foams are ceramic-like materials prepared at near-ambient temperature. This study investigates them for point-of-use water disinfection, thus providing an alternative to ceramic filters fired at a high temperature. Alkali-activated foams with different compositions were characterized for the porosity, mechanical strength, shrinkage, and microstructure. The optimized foam, employing metakaolin as the raw material, was coated with a colloidal Ag solution. The disinfection performance and leaching behavior of the foams was followed in a continuous 10 week experiment, where clean water with a weekly pulse of contaminated water was distributed through the foam. The average inactivation of Escherichia coli with the Ag-coated foam was 2.84 log10, which was 1.27 units higher compared to foam without Ag. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and metagenomic sequencing verified that foams with and without Ag were both capable of reducing the microbial load. Furthermore, the changes induced by the foam with Ag on the microbial community composition, antibiotic resistome, and metal and biocide resistomes were significant. The leached concentrations of Ag, Na, Si, and Al were in accordance with the drinking water guidelines. Finally, a life cycle assessment indicated the possibility of reducing the global warming potential and the total embodied energy in comparison with a conventional ceramic filter.
Alkali-activated foams are ceramic-like materials prepared at near-ambient temperature. This study investigates them for point-of-use water disinfection, thus providing an alternative to ceramic filters fired at a high temperature. Alkali-activated foams with different compositions were characterized for the porosity, mechanical strength, shrinkage, and microstructure. The optimized foam, employing metakaolin as the raw material, was coated with a colloidal Ag solution. The disinfection performance and leaching behavior of the foams was followed in a continuous 10 week experiment, where clean water with a weekly pulse of contaminated water was distributed through the foam. The average inactivation of Escherichia coli with the Ag-coated foam was 2.84 log10, which was 1.27 units higher compared to foam without Ag. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and metagenomic sequencing verified that foams with and without Ag were both capable of reducing the microbial load. Furthermore, the changes induced by the foam with Ag on the microbial community composition, antibiotic resistome, and metal and biocide resistomes were significant. The leached concentrations of Ag, Na, Si, and Al were in accordance with the drinking water guidelines. Finally, a life cycle assessment indicated the possibility of reducing the global warming potential and the total embodied energy in comparison with a conventional ceramic filter.
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