Effect of Hybrid Type and Harvesting Season on Phytochemistry and Antibacterial Activity of Extracted Metabolites from Salix Bark

Jinze Dou; Polina Ilina; Jarl Hemming; Kiia Malinen; Heidi Mäkkylä; Natália Oliveira de Farias; Päivi Tammela; Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro; Riikka Räisänen; Tapani Vuorinen

doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08161

Effect of Hybrid Type and Harvesting Season on Phytochemistry and Antibacterial Activity of Extracted Metabolites from Salix Bark

Jinze Dou^*, Polina Ilina, Jarl Hemming, Kiia Malinen, Heidi Mäkkylä, Natália Oliveira de Farias, Päivi Tammela, Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro, Riikka Räisänen, Tapani Vuorinen

^*Corresponding author for this work

Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology

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Abstract

Hundreds of different fast-growing Salix hybrids have been developed mainly for energy crops. In this paper, we studied water extracts from the bark of 15 willow hybrids and species as potential antimicrobial additives. Treatment of ground bark in water under mild conditions extracted 12-25% of the dry material. Preparative high-performance liquid chromatography is proven here as a fast and highly efficient tool in the small-scale recovery of raffinose from Salix bark crude extracts for structural elucidation. Less than half of the dissolved material was assigned by chromatographic (gas chromatography and liquid chromatography) and spectroscopic (mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) techniques for low-molecular-weight compounds, including mono- and oligosaccharides (sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose) and aromatic phytochemicals (triandrin, catechin, salicin, and picein). The composition of the extracts varied greatly depending on the hybrid or species and the harvesting season. This information generated new scientific knowledge on the variation in the content and composition of the extracts between Salix hybrids and harvesting season depending on the desired molecule. The extracts showed high antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.6-0.8 mg/mL; however, no inhibition was observed against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Salmonella typhimurium. MIC of triandrin (i.e., 1.25 mg/mL) is reported for the first time. Although antibacterial triandrin and (+)-catechin were present in extracts, clear correlation between the antibacterial effect and the chemical composition was not established, which indicates that antibacterial activity of the extracts mainly originates from some not yet elucidated substances. Aquatic toxicity and mutagenicity assessments showed the safe usage of Salix water extracts as possible antibacterial additives.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	2948-2956
Number of pages	9
Journal	Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Volume	70
Issue number	9
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08161
Publication status	Published - 9 Mar 2022
MoE publication type	A1 Journal article-refereed

Keywords

antimicrobial activity
mutagenicity
raffinose
toxicity
triandrin
water extract
willow bark

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10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08161

acs.jafc.1c08161Final published version, 2.08 MBLicence: CC BY

https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe202301276029

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Dou, J., Ilina, P., Hemming, J., Malinen, K., Mäkkylä, H., Oliveira de Farias, N., Tammela, P., de Aragão Umbuzeiro, G., Räisänen, R., & Vuorinen, T. (2022). Effect of Hybrid Type and Harvesting Season on Phytochemistry and Antibacterial Activity of Extracted Metabolites from Salix Bark. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 70(9), 2948-2956. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08161

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abstract = "Hundreds of different fast-growing Salix hybrids have been developed mainly for energy crops. In this paper, we studied water extracts from the bark of 15 willow hybrids and species as potential antimicrobial additives. Treatment of ground bark in water under mild conditions extracted 12-25% of the dry material. Preparative high-performance liquid chromatography is proven here as a fast and highly efficient tool in the small-scale recovery of raffinose from Salix bark crude extracts for structural elucidation. Less than half of the dissolved material was assigned by chromatographic (gas chromatography and liquid chromatography) and spectroscopic (mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) techniques for low-molecular-weight compounds, including mono- and oligosaccharides (sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose) and aromatic phytochemicals (triandrin, catechin, salicin, and picein). The composition of the extracts varied greatly depending on the hybrid or species and the harvesting season. This information generated new scientific knowledge on the variation in the content and composition of the extracts between Salix hybrids and harvesting season depending on the desired molecule. The extracts showed high antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.6-0.8 mg/mL; however, no inhibition was observed against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Salmonella typhimurium. MIC of triandrin (i.e., 1.25 mg/mL) is reported for the first time. Although antibacterial triandrin and (+)-catechin were present in extracts, clear correlation between the antibacterial effect and the chemical composition was not established, which indicates that antibacterial activity of the extracts mainly originates from some not yet elucidated substances. Aquatic toxicity and mutagenicity assessments showed the safe usage of Salix water extracts as possible antibacterial additives.",

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author = "Jinze Dou and Polina Ilina and Jarl Hemming and Kiia Malinen and Heidi M{\"a}kkyl{\"a} and {Oliveira de Farias}, Nat{\'a}lia and P{\"a}ivi Tammela and {de Arag{\~a}o Umbuzeiro}, Gisela and Riikka R{\"a}is{\"a}nen and Tapani Vuorinen",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society",

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Dou, J, Ilina, P, Hemming, J, Malinen, K, Mäkkylä, H, Oliveira de Farias, N, Tammela, P, de Aragão Umbuzeiro, G, Räisänen, R & Vuorinen, T 2022, 'Effect of Hybrid Type and Harvesting Season on Phytochemistry and Antibacterial Activity of Extracted Metabolites from Salix Bark', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 70, no. 9, pp. 2948-2956. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08161

TY - JOUR

T1 - Effect of Hybrid Type and Harvesting Season on Phytochemistry and Antibacterial Activity of Extracted Metabolites from Salix Bark

AU - Dou, Jinze

AU - Ilina, Polina

AU - Hemming, Jarl

AU - Malinen, Kiia

AU - Mäkkylä, Heidi

AU - Oliveira de Farias, Natália

AU - Tammela, Päivi

AU - de Aragão Umbuzeiro, Gisela

AU - Räisänen, Riikka

AU - Vuorinen, Tapani

PY - 2022/3/9

Y1 - 2022/3/9

N2 - Hundreds of different fast-growing Salix hybrids have been developed mainly for energy crops. In this paper, we studied water extracts from the bark of 15 willow hybrids and species as potential antimicrobial additives. Treatment of ground bark in water under mild conditions extracted 12-25% of the dry material. Preparative high-performance liquid chromatography is proven here as a fast and highly efficient tool in the small-scale recovery of raffinose from Salix bark crude extracts for structural elucidation. Less than half of the dissolved material was assigned by chromatographic (gas chromatography and liquid chromatography) and spectroscopic (mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) techniques for low-molecular-weight compounds, including mono- and oligosaccharides (sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose) and aromatic phytochemicals (triandrin, catechin, salicin, and picein). The composition of the extracts varied greatly depending on the hybrid or species and the harvesting season. This information generated new scientific knowledge on the variation in the content and composition of the extracts between Salix hybrids and harvesting season depending on the desired molecule. The extracts showed high antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.6-0.8 mg/mL; however, no inhibition was observed against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Salmonella typhimurium. MIC of triandrin (i.e., 1.25 mg/mL) is reported for the first time. Although antibacterial triandrin and (+)-catechin were present in extracts, clear correlation between the antibacterial effect and the chemical composition was not established, which indicates that antibacterial activity of the extracts mainly originates from some not yet elucidated substances. Aquatic toxicity and mutagenicity assessments showed the safe usage of Salix water extracts as possible antibacterial additives.

AB - Hundreds of different fast-growing Salix hybrids have been developed mainly for energy crops. In this paper, we studied water extracts from the bark of 15 willow hybrids and species as potential antimicrobial additives. Treatment of ground bark in water under mild conditions extracted 12-25% of the dry material. Preparative high-performance liquid chromatography is proven here as a fast and highly efficient tool in the small-scale recovery of raffinose from Salix bark crude extracts for structural elucidation. Less than half of the dissolved material was assigned by chromatographic (gas chromatography and liquid chromatography) and spectroscopic (mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) techniques for low-molecular-weight compounds, including mono- and oligosaccharides (sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose) and aromatic phytochemicals (triandrin, catechin, salicin, and picein). The composition of the extracts varied greatly depending on the hybrid or species and the harvesting season. This information generated new scientific knowledge on the variation in the content and composition of the extracts between Salix hybrids and harvesting season depending on the desired molecule. The extracts showed high antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.6-0.8 mg/mL; however, no inhibition was observed against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Salmonella typhimurium. MIC of triandrin (i.e., 1.25 mg/mL) is reported for the first time. Although antibacterial triandrin and (+)-catechin were present in extracts, clear correlation between the antibacterial effect and the chemical composition was not established, which indicates that antibacterial activity of the extracts mainly originates from some not yet elucidated substances. Aquatic toxicity and mutagenicity assessments showed the safe usage of Salix water extracts as possible antibacterial additives.

KW - antimicrobial activity

KW - mutagenicity

KW - raffinose

KW - toxicity

KW - triandrin

KW - water extract

KW - willow bark

KW - Willow bark

KW - Water extract

KW - triandrin

KW - toxicity

KW - raffinose

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U2 - 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08161

DO - 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08161

M3 - Article

C2 - 35200036

AN - SCOPUS:85125772329

SN - 0021-8561

VL - 70

SP - 2948

EP - 2956

JO - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

JF - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

IS - 9

ER -

Effect of Hybrid Type and Harvesting Season on Phytochemistry and Antibacterial Activity of Extracted Metabolites from Salix Bark

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