Evaluation of plasma IL-21 as a potential biomarker for type 1 diabetes progression
Schroderus, Anna-Mari; Poorbaugh, Josh; McElyea, Samantha; Beasley, Stephanie; Zhang, Lin; Näntö-Salonen, Kirsti; Rintamäki, Reeta; Pihlajamäki, Jussi; Knip, Mikael; Veijola, Riitta; Toppari, Jorma; Ilonen, Jorma; Benschop, Robert J.; Kinnunen, Tuure (2023-06-21)
Schroderus A-M, Poorbaugh J, McElyea S, Beasley S, Zhang L, Näntö-Salonen K, Rintamäki R, Pihlajamäki J, Knip M, Veijola R, Toppari J, Ilonen J, Benschop RJ and Kinnunen T (2023) Evaluation of plasma IL-21 as a potential biomarker for type 1 diabetes progression. Front. Immunol. 14:1157265. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1157265
© 2023 Schroderus, Poorbaugh, McElyea, Beasley, Zhang, Näntö-Salonen, Rintamäki, Pihlajamäki, Knip, Veijola, Toppari, Ilonen, Benschop and Kinnunen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe20230929137812
Tiivistelmä
Abstract
IL-21 is a multifunctional cytokine linked with the pathophysiology of several autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes. In this study, our aim was to examine plasma IL-21 levels in individuals at different stages of type 1 diabetes progression. We measured plasma IL-21 levels, as well as levels of other key pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17A, TNF-α and IL-6), from 37 adults with established type 1 diabetes and 46 healthy age-matched adult controls, as well as from 53 children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, 48 at-risk children positive for type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies and 123 healthy age-matched pediatric controls using the ultrasensitive Quanterix SiMoA technology. Adults with established type 1 diabetes had higher plasma IL-21 levels compared to healthy controls. However, the plasma IL-21 levels showed no statistically significant correlation with clinical variables, such as BMI, C-peptide, HbA1c, or hsCRP levels, evaluated in parallel. In children, plasma IL-21 levels were almost ten times higher than in adults. However, no significant differences in plasma IL-21 levels were detected between healthy children, autoantibody-positive at-risk children, and children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. In conclusion, plasma IL-21 levels in adults with established type 1 diabetes were increased, which may be associated with autoimmunity. The physiologically high plasma IL-21 levels in children may, however, reduce the potential of IL-21 as a biomarker for autoimmunity in pediatric subjects.
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