The Seasonality of Nitrite Concentrations in a Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution System

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Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
A1 Alkuperäisartikkeli tieteellisessä aikakauslehdessä
Date
2018-08-15
Major/Subject
Mcode
Degree programme
Language
en
Pages
17
Series
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH, Volume 15, issue 8
Abstract
We studied the seasonal variation of nitrite exposure in a drinking water distribution system (DWDS) with monochloramine disinfection in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. In Finland, tap water is the main source of drinking water, and thus the nitrite in tap water increases nitrite exposure. Our data included both the obligatory monitoring and a sampling campaign data from a sampling campaign. Seasonality was evaluated by comparing a nitrite time series to temperature and by calculating the seasonal indices of the nitrite time series. The main drivers of nitrite seasonality were the temperature and the water age. We observed that with low water ages (median: 6.7 h) the highest nitrite exposure occurred during the summer months, and with higher water ages (median: 31 h) during the winter months. With the highest water age (190 h), nitrite concentrations were the lowest. At a low temperature, the high nitrite concentrations in the winter were caused by the decelerated ammonium oxidation. The dominant reaction at low water ages was ammonium oxidation into nitrite and, at high water ages, it was nitrite oxidation into nitrate. These results help to direct monitoring appropriately to gain exact knowledge of nitrite exposure. Also, possible future process changes and additional disinfection measures can be designed appropriately to minimize extra nitrite exposure.
Description
Keywords
nitrite, disinfection by-product, drinking water distribution systems, seasonality
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Citation
Rantanen , P-L , Mellin , I , Keinänen-Toivola , M M , Ahonen , M & Vahala , R 2018 , ' The Seasonality of Nitrite Concentrations in a Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution System ' , International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , vol. 15 , no. 8 , 1756 . https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081756